Component Wt. %
C 0.37 - 0.44
Fe 98.6 - 99
Mn 0.6 - 0.9
P Max 0.04
S Max 0.05
Material Notes:
Typical uses include machine, plow, and carriage bolts, tie wire, cylinder head studs, and machined parts, U-bolts, concrete reinforcing rods, forgings, and non-critical springs.
Click here to view available vendors for this material.
Physical Properties Metric English Comments
Density 7.845 g/cc 0.283 lb/in³ Chemical composition of 0.435% C, 0.69% Mn, 0.20% Si, annealed at 860°C (1580°F).
Mechanical Properties
Hardness, Brinell 170 170
Hardness, Knoop 191 191 Converted from Brinell hardness.
Hardness, Rockwell B 86 86 Converted from Brinell hardness.
Hardness, Vickers 178 178 Converted from Brinell hardness.
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 620 MPa 89900 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield 550 MPa 79800 psi
Elongation at Break 12 % 12 % in 50 mm
Reduction of Area 35 % 35 %
Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa 29000 ksi Typical for steel
Bulk Modulus 140 GPa 20300 ksi Typical for steels
Poisson's Ratio 0.29 0.29 Typical For Steel
Izod Impact 49 J 36.1 ft-lb as rolled, 45 J (33 ft-lb) annealed at 790°C (1450°F), 65 J (48 ft-lb) normalized at 900°C (1650°F)
Shear Modulus 80 GPa 11600 ksi Typical for steels
Electrical Properties
Electrical Resistivity 1.71e-005 ohm-cm 1.71e-005 ohm-cm 20°C (68°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 0.0001111 ohm-cm 0.0001111 ohm-cm 800°C (1470°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 0.0001149 ohm-cm 0.0001149 ohm-cm 900°C (1650°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 0.0001179 ohm-cm 0.0001179 ohm-cm 1000°C
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 2.21e-005 ohm-cm 2.21e-005 ohm-cm 100°C (212°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 2.96e-005 ohm-cm 2.96e-005 ohm-cm 200°C (390°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 4.93e-005 ohm-cm 4.93e-005 ohm-cm 400°C (750°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 7.63e-005 ohm-cm 7.63e-005 ohm-cm 600°C (1110°F)
Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature 9.32e-005 ohm-cm 9.32e-005 ohm-cm 700°C (1290°F)
Thermal Properties
CTE, linear 20°C 11.3 µm/m-°C 6.28 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu.; 20-100°C (68-212°F)
CTE, linear 20°C 12.1 µm/m-°C 6.72 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu.; 20-200°C (68-390°F)
CTE, linear 250°C 12.2 µm/m-°C 6.78 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu; 20-300°C (68-570°F)
CTE, linear 250°C 13.3 µm/m-°C 7.39 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu; 20-400°C (68-750°F)
CTE, linear 500°C 13.9 µm/m-°C 7.72 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu; 20-500°C (68-930°F)
CTE, linear 500°C 14.2 µm/m-°C 7.89 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu; 20-600°C (68-1110°F)
CTE, linear 500°C 14.8 µm/m-°C 8.22 µin/in-°F Composition of 0.40% C, 0.11% Mn, 0.01% P, 0.03% S, 0.03% Si, 0.03% Cu; 20-700°C (68-1290°F)
CTE, linear 1000°C 14.7 µm/m-°C 8.17 µin/in-°F Typical steel
Specific Heat Capacity 0.486 J/g-°C 0.116 BTU/lb-°F 50-100°C (122-212°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.515 J/g-°C 0.123 BTU/lb-°F 150-200°C (300-390°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.528 J/g-°C 0.126 BTU/lb-°F 200-250°C (390-480°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.548 J/g-°C 0.131 BTU/lb-°F 250-300°C (480-570°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.569 J/g-°C 0.136 BTU/lb-°F 300-350°C (570-660°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.586 J/g-°C 0.14 BTU/lb-°F 350-400°C (660-750°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.624 J/g-°C 0.149 BTU/lb-°F 750-800°C (1380-1470°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.649 J/g-°C 0.155 BTU/lb-°F 450-500°C (750-930°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.708 J/g-°C 0.169 BTU/lb-°F 550-600°C (1020-1110°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 0.77 J/g-°C 0.184 BTU/lb-°F 650-700°C (1200-1290°F)
Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature 1.583 J/g-°C 0.378 BTU/lb-°F 700-750°C (1290-1380°F)
Thermal Conductivity 50.7 W/m-K 352 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 100°C (212°F)
Thermal Conductivity 51.9 W/m-K 360 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 0°C
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 24.7 W/m-K 171 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 800°C
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 29.8 W/m-K 207 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 1200°C (2190°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 30.1 W/m-K 209 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 700°C (1290°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 32.9 W/m-K 228 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 1000°C (1830°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 33.9 W/m-K 235 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 600°C (1110°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 38.2 W/m-K 265 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 500°C (930°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 41.7 W/m-K 289 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 400°C (750°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 45.7 W/m-K 317 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 300°C (570°F)
Thermal Conductivity at Elevated Temperature 48.1 W/m-K 334 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F 200°C (390°F)
Friday, August 24, 2007
Thursday, August 9, 2007
Annealing
Annealing
Abstract:
The purpose of annealing may involve one or more of the following aims:
1. To soften the steel and to improve machinability.
2. To relieve internal stresses induced by some previous treatment (rolling, forging,uneven cooling).
3. To remove coarseness of grain.
The treatment is applied to forgings, cold-worked sheets and wire, and castings. The operation consists of:
a. heating the steel to a certain temperature,
b. "soaking" at this temperature for a time sufficient to allow the necessary changes to occur,
c. cooling at a predetermined rate.
The purpose of annealing may involve one or more of the following aims:
To soften the steel and to improve machinability.
To relieve internal stresses induced by some previous treatment (rolling, forging, uneven cooling).
To remove coarseness of grain.
The treatment is applied to forgings, cold-worked sheets and wire, and castings. The operation consists of:
heating the steel to a certain temperature,
"soaking" at this temperature for a time sufficient to allow the necessary changes to occur,
cooling at a predetermined rate.
Sub-critical Anneal
It is not always necessary to heat the steel into the critical range. Mild steel products which have to be repeatedly cold worked in the processes of manufacture are softened by annealing at 500° to 650°C for several hours. This is known as "process" or "close" annealing, and is commonly employed for wire and sheets. The recrystallisation temperature of pure iron is in the region of 500°C consequently the higher temperature of 650°C brings about rapid recrystallisation of the distorted ferrite Since mild steel contains only a small volume of strained pearlite a high degree of softening is induced. As shown, Fig. 1b illustrates the structure formed consisting of the polyhedral ferrite with elongated pearlite (see also Fig. 2).
Prolonged annealing induces greater ductility at the expense of strength, owing to the tendency of the cementite in the strained pearlite to "ball-up" or spheroidise, as illustrated in Fig. 1c. This is known as "divorced pearlite". The ferrite grains also become larger, particularly if the metal has been cold worked a critical amount. A serious embrittlement sometimes arises after prolonged treatment owing to the formation of cementitic films at the ferrite boundaries. With severe forming operations, cracks are liable to start at these cementite membranes.
The modern tendency is to use batch or continuous annealing furnaces with an inert purging gas. Batch annealing usually consists of 24-30 hrs 670°C, soak 12 hrs, slow cool 4-5 days. Open coil annealing consists in recoiling loosely with controlled space between wraps and it reduces stickers and discoloration. Continuous annealing is used for thin strip (85% Red) running at about 400 m/min. The cycle is approximately up to 660°C 20 sec, soak and cool 30-40 sec. There is little chance for grain growth and it produces harder and stiffer strip; useful for cans and panelling.
"Double reduced" steel is formed by heavy reduction (~50%) after annealing but it suffers from directionality. This can be eliminated by heating between 700-920°C and rapidly quenching.
Full Anneal and Normalising Treatments
For steels with less than 0,9% carbon both treatments consist in heating to about 25-50°C above the upper critical point indicated by the Fe-Fe3C equilibrium diagram (Fig. 3). For higher carbon steels the temperature is 50°C above the lower critical point.
Average annealing and hardening temperatures are:
Carbon, % 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 to 1.3
Avg.temp. °C 910 860 830 810 770 760
These temperatures allow for the effects of slight variations in the impurities present and also the thermal lag associated with the critical changes. After soaking at the temperature for a time dependent on the thickness of the article, the steel is very slowly cooled. This treatment is known as full annealing, and is used for removing strains from forgings and castings, improving machinability and also when softening and refinement of structure are both required.
Normalising differs from the full annealing in that the metal is allowed to cool in still air. The structure and properties produced, however, varying with the thickness of metal treated. The tensile strength, yield point, reduction of area and impact value are higher than the figures obtained by annealing.
Changes on Annealing
Consider the heating of a 0,3% carbon steel. At the lower critical point (Ac1) each "grain" of pearlite changes to several minute austenite crystals and as the temperature is raised the excess ferrite is dissolved, finally disappearing at the upper critical point (Ac3), still with the production of fine austenite crystals. Time is necessary for the carbon to become uniformly distributed in this austenite. The properties obtained subsequently depend on the coarseness of the pearlite and ferrite and their relative distribution. These depend on:
a) the size of the austenite grains; the smaller their size the better the distribution of the ferrite and pearlite.
b) the rate of cooling through the critical range, which affects both the ferrite and the pearlite.
As the temperature is raised above Ac3 the crystals increase in size. On a certain temperature the growth, which is rapid at first, diminishes. Treatment just above the upper critical point should be aimed at, since the austenite crystals are then small.
By cooling slowly through the critical range, ferrite commences to deposit on a few nuclei at the austenite boundaries. Large rounded ferrite crystals are formed, evenly distributed among the relatively coarse pearlite. With a higher rate of cooling, many ferrite crystals are formed at the austenite boundaries and a network structure of small ferrite crystals is produced with fine pearlite in the centre.
Overheated, Burnt and Underannealed Structures
When the steel is heated well above the upper critical temperature large austenite crystals form. Slow cooling gives rise to the Widmanstätten type of structure, with its characteristic lack of both ductility and resistance to shock. This is known as an overheated structure, and it can be refined by reheating the steel to just above the upper critical point. Surface decarburisation usually occurs during the overheating.
During the Second World War, aircraft engine makers were troubled with overheating (above 1250°C) in drop-stampings made from alloy steels. In the hardened and tempered condition the fractured surface shows dull facets. The minimum overheating temperature depends on the "purity" of the steel and is substantially lower in general for electric steel than for open-hearth steel. The overheated structure in these alloy steels occurs when they are cooled at an intermediate rate from the high temperature. At faster or slower rates the overheated structure may be eliminated. This, together with the fact that the overheating temperature is significantly raised in the presence of high contents of MnS and inclusions, suggests that this overheating is conected in some way with a diffusion and precipitation process, involving MnS. This type of overheating can occur in an atmosphere free from oxygen, thus emphasising the difference between overheating and burning.
As the steel approaches the solidus temperature, incipient fusion and oxidation take place at the grain boundaries. Such a steel is said to be burnt and it is characterised by the presence of brittle iron oxide films, which render the steel unfit for service, except as scrap for remelting.
Abstract:
The purpose of annealing may involve one or more of the following aims:
1. To soften the steel and to improve machinability.
2. To relieve internal stresses induced by some previous treatment (rolling, forging,uneven cooling).
3. To remove coarseness of grain.
The treatment is applied to forgings, cold-worked sheets and wire, and castings. The operation consists of:
a. heating the steel to a certain temperature,
b. "soaking" at this temperature for a time sufficient to allow the necessary changes to occur,
c. cooling at a predetermined rate.
The purpose of annealing may involve one or more of the following aims:
To soften the steel and to improve machinability.
To relieve internal stresses induced by some previous treatment (rolling, forging, uneven cooling).
To remove coarseness of grain.
The treatment is applied to forgings, cold-worked sheets and wire, and castings. The operation consists of:
heating the steel to a certain temperature,
"soaking" at this temperature for a time sufficient to allow the necessary changes to occur,
cooling at a predetermined rate.
Sub-critical Anneal
It is not always necessary to heat the steel into the critical range. Mild steel products which have to be repeatedly cold worked in the processes of manufacture are softened by annealing at 500° to 650°C for several hours. This is known as "process" or "close" annealing, and is commonly employed for wire and sheets. The recrystallisation temperature of pure iron is in the region of 500°C consequently the higher temperature of 650°C brings about rapid recrystallisation of the distorted ferrite Since mild steel contains only a small volume of strained pearlite a high degree of softening is induced. As shown, Fig. 1b illustrates the structure formed consisting of the polyhedral ferrite with elongated pearlite (see also Fig. 2).
Prolonged annealing induces greater ductility at the expense of strength, owing to the tendency of the cementite in the strained pearlite to "ball-up" or spheroidise, as illustrated in Fig. 1c. This is known as "divorced pearlite". The ferrite grains also become larger, particularly if the metal has been cold worked a critical amount. A serious embrittlement sometimes arises after prolonged treatment owing to the formation of cementitic films at the ferrite boundaries. With severe forming operations, cracks are liable to start at these cementite membranes.
The modern tendency is to use batch or continuous annealing furnaces with an inert purging gas. Batch annealing usually consists of 24-30 hrs 670°C, soak 12 hrs, slow cool 4-5 days. Open coil annealing consists in recoiling loosely with controlled space between wraps and it reduces stickers and discoloration. Continuous annealing is used for thin strip (85% Red) running at about 400 m/min. The cycle is approximately up to 660°C 20 sec, soak and cool 30-40 sec. There is little chance for grain growth and it produces harder and stiffer strip; useful for cans and panelling.
"Double reduced" steel is formed by heavy reduction (~50%) after annealing but it suffers from directionality. This can be eliminated by heating between 700-920°C and rapidly quenching.
Full Anneal and Normalising Treatments
For steels with less than 0,9% carbon both treatments consist in heating to about 25-50°C above the upper critical point indicated by the Fe-Fe3C equilibrium diagram (Fig. 3). For higher carbon steels the temperature is 50°C above the lower critical point.
Average annealing and hardening temperatures are:
Carbon, % 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 to 1.3
Avg.temp. °C 910 860 830 810 770 760
These temperatures allow for the effects of slight variations in the impurities present and also the thermal lag associated with the critical changes. After soaking at the temperature for a time dependent on the thickness of the article, the steel is very slowly cooled. This treatment is known as full annealing, and is used for removing strains from forgings and castings, improving machinability and also when softening and refinement of structure are both required.
Normalising differs from the full annealing in that the metal is allowed to cool in still air. The structure and properties produced, however, varying with the thickness of metal treated. The tensile strength, yield point, reduction of area and impact value are higher than the figures obtained by annealing.
Changes on Annealing
Consider the heating of a 0,3% carbon steel. At the lower critical point (Ac1) each "grain" of pearlite changes to several minute austenite crystals and as the temperature is raised the excess ferrite is dissolved, finally disappearing at the upper critical point (Ac3), still with the production of fine austenite crystals. Time is necessary for the carbon to become uniformly distributed in this austenite. The properties obtained subsequently depend on the coarseness of the pearlite and ferrite and their relative distribution. These depend on:
a) the size of the austenite grains; the smaller their size the better the distribution of the ferrite and pearlite.
b) the rate of cooling through the critical range, which affects both the ferrite and the pearlite.
As the temperature is raised above Ac3 the crystals increase in size. On a certain temperature the growth, which is rapid at first, diminishes. Treatment just above the upper critical point should be aimed at, since the austenite crystals are then small.
By cooling slowly through the critical range, ferrite commences to deposit on a few nuclei at the austenite boundaries. Large rounded ferrite crystals are formed, evenly distributed among the relatively coarse pearlite. With a higher rate of cooling, many ferrite crystals are formed at the austenite boundaries and a network structure of small ferrite crystals is produced with fine pearlite in the centre.
Overheated, Burnt and Underannealed Structures
When the steel is heated well above the upper critical temperature large austenite crystals form. Slow cooling gives rise to the Widmanstätten type of structure, with its characteristic lack of both ductility and resistance to shock. This is known as an overheated structure, and it can be refined by reheating the steel to just above the upper critical point. Surface decarburisation usually occurs during the overheating.
During the Second World War, aircraft engine makers were troubled with overheating (above 1250°C) in drop-stampings made from alloy steels. In the hardened and tempered condition the fractured surface shows dull facets. The minimum overheating temperature depends on the "purity" of the steel and is substantially lower in general for electric steel than for open-hearth steel. The overheated structure in these alloy steels occurs when they are cooled at an intermediate rate from the high temperature. At faster or slower rates the overheated structure may be eliminated. This, together with the fact that the overheating temperature is significantly raised in the presence of high contents of MnS and inclusions, suggests that this overheating is conected in some way with a diffusion and precipitation process, involving MnS. This type of overheating can occur in an atmosphere free from oxygen, thus emphasising the difference between overheating and burning.
As the steel approaches the solidus temperature, incipient fusion and oxidation take place at the grain boundaries. Such a steel is said to be burnt and it is characterised by the presence of brittle iron oxide films, which render the steel unfit for service, except as scrap for remelting.
Europian standard for Metallic Material
European standards for metalic materials
Abstract:
In the table of European standards for metallic materials, specifications for seamless and welded steel pipes and pipes products, wire and wire products, forgings, sheets, strips and definition of steel products are presented.
EN 1369 1996 - 09 Founding; magnetic particle inspection
EN 1370 1996 - 09 Founding; surface roughness inspection by visualtactile comparators
EN 1371-1 1994 - 02 Founding; liquid penetrant inspection; part 1: sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings
EN 1559-1 1994 - 08 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 1: General
EN 1559-2 1995 - 09 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 2: Additional requirements for steel castings
EN 1559-3 1994 - 08 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 3: Additional requirements for iron castings
EN 1559-5 1995 - 03 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 5: Additional requirements for magnesium alloy castings
EN 1560 1994 - 08 Founding - Designation system for cast iron - Material symbols and material numbers
EN 1561 1994 - 08 Founding - Grey cast irons
EN 1562 1994 - 08 Founding - Malleable cast irons
EN 1563 1994 - 08 Founding - Spheroidal graphite cast irons
EN 1564 1994 - 08 Founding - Austempered ductile cast irons
EN 12454 1996 - 12 Founding - Visual examination of surface disccontinuities - Steel and castings
EN 10001 1990 - 07 Definition and classification of pig - irons
EN 10016 - 1 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 1: General requirements
EN 10016 - 2 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 2: Specific requirements for general purposes rod
EN 10016 - 3 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 3: Specific requirements for rimmed and rimmed substitute low carbon steel rod
EN 10016 - 4 1994 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 4: Specific requirements for rod for special applications
EN 10020 1995 - 12 Definition and classification of grades of steel
EN 10020 / AC 1996 - 08 Determination and classification of grades of steel; amendment to EN 10020: 1988
EN 10021 1996 - 01 General technical delivery requirements for steel and iron products
EN 10024 1996 - 08 Hot rolled taper flange I sections - Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10025 1996 - 08 Hot rolled products of non -alloy structural steels; technical delivery conditions ( includes amendment A1: 1993)
EN 10027 - 1 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steels; part 1: steel names, principal symbols
EN 10027 - 2 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steels; part 2: numerical system
ECISS/IC 10 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steel: Additional symbols for steel names
EN 10028 - 1 1996 - 08 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 1: general requirements
EN 10028 - 2 1996 - 08 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 2: non - alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10028 - 3 1992 - 12 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 3: weldable fine grain steels, normalized
EN 10028 - 4 1994 - 09 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 4: Nickel alloy steels with specified low temperature properties
EN 10028 - 5 1993 - 10 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 5: weldable fine grain steels, thermomechanically rolled
EN 10028 - 6 1993 - 10 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 6: weldable fine grain steels, quenched and tempered
EN 10029 1996 - 08 Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above; tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass
EN 10029/AC 1996 - 08 Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above; tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass
EN 10034 1993 - 09 Structural steel I and H sections; tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10048 1995 - 06 Hot rolled narrow steel strip - Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10051 1991 - 12 Continuously hot - rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non - alloy and alloy steels; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10051/A1 1995 - 09 Continuously hot - rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non - alloy and alloy steels; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10052 1996 - 08 Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products
EN 10055 1995 - 11 Hot rolled steel equal flange tees with radiused root and toes - Dimensions and tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10056 1991 - 03 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles; tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10056 - 1 1994 - 11 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles - Part 1: Dimensions
EN 10056 - 2 1993 - 09 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles; part 2: tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10067 1992 - 08 Hot rolled bulb flats; dimensions and tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10079 1995 - 12 Definition of steel products
ENV 10080 1995 - 04 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable ribbed reinforcing steel B 500 - Technical delivery conditions for bars, coils and welded fabric
EN 10083 - 1 1996 - 08 Quenched and tempered steels; part 1: technical delivery conditions for special steels
EN 10083 - 1/A1 1995 - 03 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions for special steels
EN 10083 - 2 1991 - 02 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for unalloyed quality steels
EN 10083 - 2/A1 1995 - 03 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for unalloyed quality steels
EN 10083 - 3 1995 - 09 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for boron steels
EN 10084EN 10087 1995 - 021995 - 04 Case hardening steels - Technical delivery conditionsFree - cutting steels - Technical delivery conditions for semi - finished products, hot rolled bars and rods
EN 10088 - 1 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels
EN 10088 - 2 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip for general purposes
EN 10088 - 3 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi - finished products, bars, rods and sections for general purposes
EN 10095 1996 - 02 Heat - resisting steels and alloys
EN 10106 1995 - 12 Cold rolled non - oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in fully processed state
EN 10107 1995 - 12 Grain - oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in fully processed state
EN 10111 1993 - 06 Continuously hot-rolled low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold bending; technical delivery conditions
EN 10113 - 1 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 1: general delivery conditions
EN 10113 - 2 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 2: delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled steels
EN 10113 - 3 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 3: delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled steels
EN 10120 1994 - 06 Steel sheet and strip for welded gas cylinders
EN 10126 1995 - 12 Cold rolled electrical non-alloyed steel sheet and strip delivered in semi-processed state
EN 10130 1991 - 03 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10130/A1 1995 - 03 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming; -Technical delivery conditions
EN 10137 - 2 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels
EN 10131 1991 - 11 Cold rolled uncoated low carbon high yield strength steel flat products for cold forming;tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10137 - 1 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 1: General delivery conditions
EN 10137 - 2 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels
EN 10137 - 3 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 3: Delivery conditions for precipitation hardened steels
EN 10138 - 1 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 1: general requirements
EN 10138 - 2 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 2: stress relieved cold drawn wire
EN 10138 - 3 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 3: strand
EN 10138 - 4 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 4: hot rolled and processed bars
EN 10138 - 5 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 5: quenched and tempered wire
EN 10139 1992 - 10 Cold rolled uncoated mild steel narrow strip for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10140 1992 - 10 Cold rolled narrow steel strip; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10142 1996 - 08 Continously hot-dip zinc coated low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10143 1993 - 01 Continously hot-dip metal coated steel sheet and strip; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10147 1991 - 11 Continously hot-dip zinc coated unalloyed structural steel sheet and strip; technical delivery conditions
EN 10147/A1 1995 - 06 Continously hot-dip zinc coated structural steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions; Amendment A1
EN 10149 - 1 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 1: General delivery conditions
EN 10149 - 2 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 2: Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
EN 10149 - 3 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 3: Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels
EN 10152 1993 - 10 Electrolytically zinc coated cold rolled steel flat products; technical delivery conditions
EN 10154 1995 - 10 Continuously hot-dip aluminium-silicon (AS) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10155 1993 - 06 Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance; technical delivery conditions
EN 10163 - 1 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 1: general requirements
EN 10163 - 2 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 2: plate and wide flats
EN 10163 - 3 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 3: sections
EN 10163 - 4 1991 - 09 Delivery requirements for surface quality of hot rolled steel products; part 4: round bars and wire rod
EN 10164 1993 - 06 Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular of the product; technical delivery conditions
EN 10165 1995 - 12 Cold rolled electrical alloyed steel sheet and strip delivered in semi - processed state
EN 10169 - 1 1995 - 08 Continuously organic coated steel flat products - Part 1: General information (definitions, materials, tolerances, test methods )
EN 10169 - 2 1995 - 10 Continuously organic coated (coil coated) steel flat products - Part 2: Products for building exterior applications
EN 10173 1987 - 03 Double cold reduced electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel; coil for subsequent cutting into sheets
EN 10202 1996 - 08 Cold reduced electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel
EN 10203 1991 - 08 Cold reduced electrolytic tinplate
EN 10204 1996 - 01 Metallic products; types of inspection documents
EN 10204/A1 1996 - 01 Metallic products-Types of inspection documents; Amendment A1
EN 10205 1991 - 11 Cold reduced blackplate in coil form for the production of tinplate or electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel
EN 10207 1991 - 11 Steels for simple pressure vessels; technical delivery requirements for plates, strips and bars
EN 10208 - 1 1992 - 11 Steel pipes for pipe lines for combustible fluids; technical delivery conditions; part 1: pipes of requirement class A
EN 10208 - 2 1996 - 09 Steel pipes for pipe lines for combustible fluids; technical delivery conditions; part 2: pipes of requirement class B
EN 10209 1996 - 10 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for vitreous enamelling - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10210 - 1 1994 - 03 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non - alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 1: technical delivery requirements
EN 10210 - 2 1992 - 09 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non - alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 2: tolerances, dimension and sectional properties
EN 10213 - 1 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 1: General
EN 10213 - 2 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 2: Steel grades for use at room temperature and elevated temperatures
EN 10213 - 3 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 3: Steel grades for use at low temperatures
EN 10213 - 4 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 4: Austenitic and austenitic - ferritic steel grades
EN 10214 1995 - 02 Continuously hot-dip zinc-aluminium (ZA) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10215 1995 - 02 Continuously hot-dip aluminium-zinc (AZ) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10216-1 1995 - 11 Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes; technical delivery conditions; part 1: non-alloy steel with specified room temperature properties
EN 10217 - 1 1991 - 02 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes; technical delivery conditions; part 1: non -alloy steel with specified room temperature properties
EN 10218 - 1EN 10218 - 2 1994 - 031995 - 11 Steel wire and wire products; general; part 1: test methodsSteel wire and wire products; general; part 2: wire dimensions and tolerances
EN 10219 - 1 1992 - 09 Cold formed structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 1: technical delivery requirements
EN 10219 - 2 1992 - 09 Cold formed structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 2: tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
ENV 10220 1993 - 11 Seamless and welded steel tubes; dimensions and masses per unit length
EN 10221 1995 - 11 Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and rods - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10222 - 1 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 1: General requirements for open die forgings
EN 10222 - 3 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 3: Ferritic and martensitic steels with elevated temperature properties
EN 10222 - 4 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 4: Nickel steels with specified low temperature properties
EN 10222 - 5 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 5: Fine grain steels with high proof stress
EN 10222 - 6 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 6: Austenitic, martensitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels
EN 10223 - 1 1993 - 02 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 1: zinc and zinc-alloy coated steel barbed wire
EN 10223 - 2 1993 - 04 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 2: hexagonal steel wire netting for agricultural, insulation, and fencing purposes
EN 10223 - 3 1993 - 04 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 3: hexagonal steel wire netting for engineering purposes
EN 10223 - 4 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 4: Steel wire welded mesh fencing
EN 10223 - 5 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 5: Steel wire woven hinged joint and knotted joint stock fencing
EN 10223 - 6 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 6: Steel wire chain link fencing
EN 10224 1995 - 05 Steel tubes and fittings for the conveyance of aqueous liquids including water for human consumption
EN 10225 1994 - 10 Weldable structural steels for fixed offshore structures
EN 10226 - 1 1995 -11 Pipe threads where pressure tight joints are made on the threads - Part 1: Designation, dimensions and tolerances
EN 10229 1995 - 08 Evaluation of resistance of steel products to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)
EN 10230 1993 - 02 Steel wire and wire products; common, special and loose feed stock steel wire machine nails
EN 10238 1995 - 12 Automatically blast cleaned and primed steel products
EN 10240 1994 - 06 Internal and/or external protective coatings for steel tubes - Specification for hot dip galvanized coatings
EN 10241 1994 - 06 Threaded steel fittings
EN 10242 1994 - 11 Threaded pipe fitting in malleable cast iron
EN 10243 - 1 1995 - 08 Steel drop and press forgings - Tolerances on dimensions
EN 10243 - 2 1995 - 08 Steel upset forgings made on horizontal forging machines -Tolerances on dimensions
EN 10244 - 1 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 1: General principles
EN 10244 - 2 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 2: Zinc or zinc alloy coatings on steel wire
EN 10244 - 3 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 3: Aluminium coatings
EN 10244 - 4 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 4: Tin coatings
EN 10244 - 5 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 5: Nickel coatings
EN 10244 - 6 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 6: Copper, bronze or brass coatings
EN 10245 - 1 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 1: General rules
EN 10245 - 2 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 2: PVC coated wire
EN 10245 - 3 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 3: PE coated wire
EN 10248 - 1 1995 - 06 Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions
EN 10248 - 2 1995 - 06 Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 2: Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10249 - 1 1995 - 06 Cold formed sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions
EN 10249 - 2 1995 - 06 Cold formed sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 2: Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10253 - 1 1994 - 01 Butt; welding pipe fittings wrought carbon steel without specific inspection requirements
EN 10254 1995 - 08 Steel closed die forgings - General technical delivery conditions
EN 10255 1996 - 01 Non-alloy steel tubes suitable for welding or threading
EN 10257 - 1 1994 - 11 Zinc or zinc alloy coated low carbon steel wire for armouring cables - Part 1: Land cables
EN 10257 - 2 1994 - 11 Zinc or zinc alloy coated low carbon steel wire for armouring cables - Part 2: Submarine cables
EN 10267 1995 - 08 Ferritic-pearlitic engineering steels for precipitation hardening from hot-working temperatures
EN 10268 1995 - 10 Cold-rolled flat products made of high field strength steels for cold forming - General delivery conditions
EN 10271 1996 - 03 Electrolyticaly zinc-nickel (ZN) coated cold roled steel flat products - Tehnical delvery conditions
EN 10283 1996 - 04 Corrosion resistant steel casting
EN 10284 1996 - 04 Malleable cast iron fittings with commresion ends for plastics piping system
EN 10285 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External three layer extruded polyethylene based coating
EN 10286 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External three layer extruded polypropylene based coatings
EN 10287 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External fused polyethylene based coatings
EN 10288 1997 - 01 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External two layer extruded polyethylene based coatings
EN 20049 - 01 1991 - 12 Melleable cast iron threaded pipe fittings; part 1: fittings with parallel internal and taper external threads in accordance with ISO 7-1
EN 29658 1991 - 12 Steel; determination of aluminium content; flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (ISO 9658 :1990)
EN ISO 945 1994 - 07 Cast iron - Designation of microstructure of graphite (ISO 945 : 1975)
EN ISO 1127 1995 - 10 Stainless steel tubes - Dimensions, tolerances and conventional masses per unit length
EN ISO 3785 1995 - 01 Steel - Designation of test piece axes (ISO 3785 : 1976)
EN ISO 8434 - 1 1995 - 05 Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use - Part 1: 24 < Grad > compression fittings (ISO 8434-1:1994)
EN ISO 10380 1995 - 05 Corrugated flexible metallic hose and hose assemblies (ISO 10380 : 1994)
Abstract:
In the table of European standards for metallic materials, specifications for seamless and welded steel pipes and pipes products, wire and wire products, forgings, sheets, strips and definition of steel products are presented.
EN 1369 1996 - 09 Founding; magnetic particle inspection
EN 1370 1996 - 09 Founding; surface roughness inspection by visualtactile comparators
EN 1371-1 1994 - 02 Founding; liquid penetrant inspection; part 1: sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings
EN 1559-1 1994 - 08 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 1: General
EN 1559-2 1995 - 09 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 2: Additional requirements for steel castings
EN 1559-3 1994 - 08 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 3: Additional requirements for iron castings
EN 1559-5 1995 - 03 Founding - Technical conditions of delivery - Part 5: Additional requirements for magnesium alloy castings
EN 1560 1994 - 08 Founding - Designation system for cast iron - Material symbols and material numbers
EN 1561 1994 - 08 Founding - Grey cast irons
EN 1562 1994 - 08 Founding - Malleable cast irons
EN 1563 1994 - 08 Founding - Spheroidal graphite cast irons
EN 1564 1994 - 08 Founding - Austempered ductile cast irons
EN 12454 1996 - 12 Founding - Visual examination of surface disccontinuities - Steel and castings
EN 10001 1990 - 07 Definition and classification of pig - irons
EN 10016 - 1 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 1: General requirements
EN 10016 - 2 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 2: Specific requirements for general purposes rod
EN 10016 - 3 1994 - 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 3: Specific requirements for rimmed and rimmed substitute low carbon steel rod
EN 10016 - 4 1994 12 Non - alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 4: Specific requirements for rod for special applications
EN 10020 1995 - 12 Definition and classification of grades of steel
EN 10020 / AC 1996 - 08 Determination and classification of grades of steel; amendment to EN 10020: 1988
EN 10021 1996 - 01 General technical delivery requirements for steel and iron products
EN 10024 1996 - 08 Hot rolled taper flange I sections - Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10025 1996 - 08 Hot rolled products of non -alloy structural steels; technical delivery conditions ( includes amendment A1: 1993)
EN 10027 - 1 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steels; part 1: steel names, principal symbols
EN 10027 - 2 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steels; part 2: numerical system
ECISS/IC 10 1995 - 12 Designation systems for steel: Additional symbols for steel names
EN 10028 - 1 1996 - 08 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 1: general requirements
EN 10028 - 2 1996 - 08 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 2: non - alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10028 - 3 1992 - 12 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 3: weldable fine grain steels, normalized
EN 10028 - 4 1994 - 09 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 4: Nickel alloy steels with specified low temperature properties
EN 10028 - 5 1993 - 10 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 5: weldable fine grain steels, thermomechanically rolled
EN 10028 - 6 1993 - 10 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes; part 6: weldable fine grain steels, quenched and tempered
EN 10029 1996 - 08 Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above; tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass
EN 10029/AC 1996 - 08 Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above; tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass
EN 10034 1993 - 09 Structural steel I and H sections; tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10048 1995 - 06 Hot rolled narrow steel strip - Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10051 1991 - 12 Continuously hot - rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non - alloy and alloy steels; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10051/A1 1995 - 09 Continuously hot - rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non - alloy and alloy steels; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10052 1996 - 08 Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products
EN 10055 1995 - 11 Hot rolled steel equal flange tees with radiused root and toes - Dimensions and tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10056 1991 - 03 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles; tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10056 - 1 1994 - 11 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles - Part 1: Dimensions
EN 10056 - 2 1993 - 09 Structural steel equal and unequal leg angles; part 2: tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10067 1992 - 08 Hot rolled bulb flats; dimensions and tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10079 1995 - 12 Definition of steel products
ENV 10080 1995 - 04 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable ribbed reinforcing steel B 500 - Technical delivery conditions for bars, coils and welded fabric
EN 10083 - 1 1996 - 08 Quenched and tempered steels; part 1: technical delivery conditions for special steels
EN 10083 - 1/A1 1995 - 03 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions for special steels
EN 10083 - 2 1991 - 02 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for unalloyed quality steels
EN 10083 - 2/A1 1995 - 03 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for unalloyed quality steels
EN 10083 - 3 1995 - 09 Quenched and tempered steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for boron steels
EN 10084EN 10087 1995 - 021995 - 04 Case hardening steels - Technical delivery conditionsFree - cutting steels - Technical delivery conditions for semi - finished products, hot rolled bars and rods
EN 10088 - 1 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels
EN 10088 - 2 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip for general purposes
EN 10088 - 3 1995 - 04 Stainless steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi - finished products, bars, rods and sections for general purposes
EN 10095 1996 - 02 Heat - resisting steels and alloys
EN 10106 1995 - 12 Cold rolled non - oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in fully processed state
EN 10107 1995 - 12 Grain - oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in fully processed state
EN 10111 1993 - 06 Continuously hot-rolled low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold bending; technical delivery conditions
EN 10113 - 1 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 1: general delivery conditions
EN 10113 - 2 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 2: delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled steels
EN 10113 - 3 1993 - 03 Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels; part 3: delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled steels
EN 10120 1994 - 06 Steel sheet and strip for welded gas cylinders
EN 10126 1995 - 12 Cold rolled electrical non-alloyed steel sheet and strip delivered in semi-processed state
EN 10130 1991 - 03 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10130/A1 1995 - 03 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming; -Technical delivery conditions
EN 10137 - 2 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels
EN 10131 1991 - 11 Cold rolled uncoated low carbon high yield strength steel flat products for cold forming;tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10137 - 1 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 1: General delivery conditions
EN 10137 - 2 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels
EN 10137 - 3 1995 - 09 Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions - Part 3: Delivery conditions for precipitation hardened steels
EN 10138 - 1 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 1: general requirements
EN 10138 - 2 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 2: stress relieved cold drawn wire
EN 10138 - 3 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 3: strand
EN 10138 - 4 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 4: hot rolled and processed bars
EN 10138 - 5 1991 - 11 Prestressing steels; part 5: quenched and tempered wire
EN 10139 1992 - 10 Cold rolled uncoated mild steel narrow strip for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10140 1992 - 10 Cold rolled narrow steel strip; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10142 1996 - 08 Continously hot-dip zinc coated low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold forming; technical delivery conditions
EN 10143 1993 - 01 Continously hot-dip metal coated steel sheet and strip; tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10147 1991 - 11 Continously hot-dip zinc coated unalloyed structural steel sheet and strip; technical delivery conditions
EN 10147/A1 1995 - 06 Continously hot-dip zinc coated structural steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions; Amendment A1
EN 10149 - 1 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 1: General delivery conditions
EN 10149 - 2 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 2: Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
EN 10149 - 3 1995 - 09 Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 3: Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels
EN 10152 1993 - 10 Electrolytically zinc coated cold rolled steel flat products; technical delivery conditions
EN 10154 1995 - 10 Continuously hot-dip aluminium-silicon (AS) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10155 1993 - 06 Structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance; technical delivery conditions
EN 10163 - 1 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 1: general requirements
EN 10163 - 2 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 2: plate and wide flats
EN 10163 - 3 1991 - 08 Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections; part 3: sections
EN 10163 - 4 1991 - 09 Delivery requirements for surface quality of hot rolled steel products; part 4: round bars and wire rod
EN 10164 1993 - 06 Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular of the product; technical delivery conditions
EN 10165 1995 - 12 Cold rolled electrical alloyed steel sheet and strip delivered in semi - processed state
EN 10169 - 1 1995 - 08 Continuously organic coated steel flat products - Part 1: General information (definitions, materials, tolerances, test methods )
EN 10169 - 2 1995 - 10 Continuously organic coated (coil coated) steel flat products - Part 2: Products for building exterior applications
EN 10173 1987 - 03 Double cold reduced electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel; coil for subsequent cutting into sheets
EN 10202 1996 - 08 Cold reduced electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel
EN 10203 1991 - 08 Cold reduced electrolytic tinplate
EN 10204 1996 - 01 Metallic products; types of inspection documents
EN 10204/A1 1996 - 01 Metallic products-Types of inspection documents; Amendment A1
EN 10205 1991 - 11 Cold reduced blackplate in coil form for the production of tinplate or electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel
EN 10207 1991 - 11 Steels for simple pressure vessels; technical delivery requirements for plates, strips and bars
EN 10208 - 1 1992 - 11 Steel pipes for pipe lines for combustible fluids; technical delivery conditions; part 1: pipes of requirement class A
EN 10208 - 2 1996 - 09 Steel pipes for pipe lines for combustible fluids; technical delivery conditions; part 2: pipes of requirement class B
EN 10209 1996 - 10 Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for vitreous enamelling - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10210 - 1 1994 - 03 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non - alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 1: technical delivery requirements
EN 10210 - 2 1992 - 09 Hot finished structural hollow sections of non - alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 2: tolerances, dimension and sectional properties
EN 10213 - 1 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 1: General
EN 10213 - 2 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 2: Steel grades for use at room temperature and elevated temperatures
EN 10213 - 3 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 3: Steel grades for use at low temperatures
EN 10213 - 4 1995 - 12 Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes - Part 4: Austenitic and austenitic - ferritic steel grades
EN 10214 1995 - 02 Continuously hot-dip zinc-aluminium (ZA) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10215 1995 - 02 Continuously hot-dip aluminium-zinc (AZ) coated steel strip and sheet - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10216-1 1995 - 11 Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes; technical delivery conditions; part 1: non-alloy steel with specified room temperature properties
EN 10217 - 1 1991 - 02 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes; technical delivery conditions; part 1: non -alloy steel with specified room temperature properties
EN 10218 - 1EN 10218 - 2 1994 - 031995 - 11 Steel wire and wire products; general; part 1: test methodsSteel wire and wire products; general; part 2: wire dimensions and tolerances
EN 10219 - 1 1992 - 09 Cold formed structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 1: technical delivery requirements
EN 10219 - 2 1992 - 09 Cold formed structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural steels; part 2: tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties
ENV 10220 1993 - 11 Seamless and welded steel tubes; dimensions and masses per unit length
EN 10221 1995 - 11 Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and rods - Technical delivery conditions
EN 10222 - 1 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 1: General requirements for open die forgings
EN 10222 - 3 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 3: Ferritic and martensitic steels with elevated temperature properties
EN 10222 - 4 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 4: Nickel steels with specified low temperature properties
EN 10222 - 5 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 5: Fine grain steels with high proof stress
EN 10222 - 6 1994 - 06 Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 6: Austenitic, martensitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels
EN 10223 - 1 1993 - 02 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 1: zinc and zinc-alloy coated steel barbed wire
EN 10223 - 2 1993 - 04 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 2: hexagonal steel wire netting for agricultural, insulation, and fencing purposes
EN 10223 - 3 1993 - 04 Steel wire and wire products for fences; part 3: hexagonal steel wire netting for engineering purposes
EN 10223 - 4 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 4: Steel wire welded mesh fencing
EN 10223 - 5 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 5: Steel wire woven hinged joint and knotted joint stock fencing
EN 10223 - 6 1994 -10 Steel wire and wire products for fences - Part 6: Steel wire chain link fencing
EN 10224 1995 - 05 Steel tubes and fittings for the conveyance of aqueous liquids including water for human consumption
EN 10225 1994 - 10 Weldable structural steels for fixed offshore structures
EN 10226 - 1 1995 -11 Pipe threads where pressure tight joints are made on the threads - Part 1: Designation, dimensions and tolerances
EN 10229 1995 - 08 Evaluation of resistance of steel products to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)
EN 10230 1993 - 02 Steel wire and wire products; common, special and loose feed stock steel wire machine nails
EN 10238 1995 - 12 Automatically blast cleaned and primed steel products
EN 10240 1994 - 06 Internal and/or external protective coatings for steel tubes - Specification for hot dip galvanized coatings
EN 10241 1994 - 06 Threaded steel fittings
EN 10242 1994 - 11 Threaded pipe fitting in malleable cast iron
EN 10243 - 1 1995 - 08 Steel drop and press forgings - Tolerances on dimensions
EN 10243 - 2 1995 - 08 Steel upset forgings made on horizontal forging machines -Tolerances on dimensions
EN 10244 - 1 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 1: General principles
EN 10244 - 2 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 2: Zinc or zinc alloy coatings on steel wire
EN 10244 - 3 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 3: Aluminium coatings
EN 10244 - 4 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 4: Tin coatings
EN 10244 - 5 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 5: Nickel coatings
EN 10244 - 6 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire - Part 6: Copper, bronze or brass coatings
EN 10245 - 1 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 1: General rules
EN 10245 - 2 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 2: PVC coated wire
EN 10245 - 3 1995 - 01 Steel wire and wire products - Organic coatings on wire -Part 3: PE coated wire
EN 10248 - 1 1995 - 06 Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions
EN 10248 - 2 1995 - 06 Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 2: Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10249 - 1 1995 - 06 Cold formed sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 1: Technical delivery conditions
EN 10249 - 2 1995 - 06 Cold formed sheet piling of non alloy steels - Part 2: Tolerances on shape and dimensions
EN 10253 - 1 1994 - 01 Butt; welding pipe fittings wrought carbon steel without specific inspection requirements
EN 10254 1995 - 08 Steel closed die forgings - General technical delivery conditions
EN 10255 1996 - 01 Non-alloy steel tubes suitable for welding or threading
EN 10257 - 1 1994 - 11 Zinc or zinc alloy coated low carbon steel wire for armouring cables - Part 1: Land cables
EN 10257 - 2 1994 - 11 Zinc or zinc alloy coated low carbon steel wire for armouring cables - Part 2: Submarine cables
EN 10267 1995 - 08 Ferritic-pearlitic engineering steels for precipitation hardening from hot-working temperatures
EN 10268 1995 - 10 Cold-rolled flat products made of high field strength steels for cold forming - General delivery conditions
EN 10271 1996 - 03 Electrolyticaly zinc-nickel (ZN) coated cold roled steel flat products - Tehnical delvery conditions
EN 10283 1996 - 04 Corrosion resistant steel casting
EN 10284 1996 - 04 Malleable cast iron fittings with commresion ends for plastics piping system
EN 10285 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External three layer extruded polyethylene based coating
EN 10286 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External three layer extruded polypropylene based coatings
EN 10287 1996 - 12 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External fused polyethylene based coatings
EN 10288 1997 - 01 Steel tubes and fittings for on and offshore pipelines - External two layer extruded polyethylene based coatings
EN 20049 - 01 1991 - 12 Melleable cast iron threaded pipe fittings; part 1: fittings with parallel internal and taper external threads in accordance with ISO 7-1
EN 29658 1991 - 12 Steel; determination of aluminium content; flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (ISO 9658 :1990)
EN ISO 945 1994 - 07 Cast iron - Designation of microstructure of graphite (ISO 945 : 1975)
EN ISO 1127 1995 - 10 Stainless steel tubes - Dimensions, tolerances and conventional masses per unit length
EN ISO 3785 1995 - 01 Steel - Designation of test piece axes (ISO 3785 : 1976)
EN ISO 8434 - 1 1995 - 05 Metallic tube connections for fluid power and general use - Part 1: 24 < Grad > compression fittings (ISO 8434-1:1994)
EN ISO 10380 1995 - 05 Corrugated flexible metallic hose and hose assemblies (ISO 10380 : 1994)
Iron Carbon System
Structure of plain steel
The essential difference between ordinary steel and pure iron is the amount of carbon in the former, which reduces the ductility but increases the strength and the susceptibility to hardening when rapidly cooled from elevated temperatures. On account of the various micro-structures which may be obtained by different heat-treatments, it is necessary to emphasise the fact that the following structures are for "normal" steels, i.e. slowly cooled from 760-900°C depending on the carbon contents.
The appearance of pure iron is illustrated in Fig. 1. It is only pure in the sense that it contains no carbon, but contains very small quantities of impurities such as phosphorus, silicon, manganese, oxygen, nitrogen, dissolved in the solid metal. In other words, the structure is typical of pure metals and solid solutions in the annealed condition. It is built up of a number of crystals of the same composition, given the name ferrite in metallography (Brinell hardness 80).
The addition of carbon to the pure iron results in a considerable difference in the structure (Fig. 2), which now consists of two constituents, the white one being the ferrite, and the dark parts representing the constituent containing the carbon, the amount of which is therefore an index of the quantity of carbon in the steel. Carbon is present as a compound of iron and carbon (6-67 %) called cementite, having the chemical formula Fe3 C. This cementite is hard (Brinell hardness 600 +), brittle and brilliantly white.
On examination the dark parts will be seen to consist of two components occurring as wavy or parallel plates alternately dark and light (Fig. 3). These two phases are ferrite and cementite which form a eutectic mixture, containing 0,87% carbon and known as pearlite. The appearance of this pearlite depends largely upon the objective employed in the examination and also on the rate of cooling from the elevated temperature.
Allotropy of iron
Certain substances can exist in two or more crystalline forms; for example charcoal, graphite and diamonds are allotropic modifications of carbon. Allotropy is characterized by a change in atomic structure which occurs at a definite transformation temperature.
Four changes occur in iron, which give rise to forms known as alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Of these, a, b and d forms have the same atomic structure (body centred cubic) while g -iron has a face centred cubic structure. Iron can, therefore, be considered to have two allotropic modifications.
The A2 change at 769°C, at which the a-iron loses its magnetism, can be ignored from a heat-treatment point of view. These changes in structure are accompanied by thermal changes, together with discontinuities in other physical properties such as electrical, thermo-electric potential, magnetic, expansion and tenacity. The A3 change from a b.c.c. to an f.c.c. atomic structure at 937°C is accompanied by a marked contraction while the reverse occurs at 1400°C. These changes in structure are accompanied by recrystallisation, followed by grain growth.
Critical points
The addition of carbon to iron, however, produces another change at 695°C, known as A1 and associated with the formation of pearlite. These structural changes, which occur during cooling, give rise to evolutions of heat, which cause arrests on a cooling curve. The temperatures of these arrests are known as critical points or "A" points. These arrests occur at slightly higher temperatures on heating, as compared with cooling, and this lag effect, increased by rapid cooling, is known as thermal hysteresis.
To differentiate between the arrests obtained during heating and cooling, the letters c and r respectively are added to the symbol A (from chauffage and refroidissement). In a steel containing about 0,8-0,9% carbon the evolution of the heat at Ar1 is sufficient to cause the material to become visibly hotter and the phenomenon is called "recalescence".
Iron-cementite equilibrium diagram
The addition of carbon to iron not only gives rise to the A1 point but also influences the critical points in pure iron. The A4 point is raised; and the A3 point lowered until it coincides with A1. The a, b and d modifications, which may be called ferrite, have only slight solubility for carbon, but up to 1,7% of carbon dissolves in y-iron to form a solid solution called Austenite. These effects are summarised in the iron-Fe3 C equilibrium diagram (Fig. 4), which is of much importance in the study of steels.
The iron-iron carbide system is not in true equilibrium, the stable system is iron-graphite, but special conditions are necessary to nucleate graphite. Will be seen that the complicated Fe-Fe3C diagram can be divided into several simple diagrams:
Peritectic transformation CDB - d-iron transforms to austenite. Eutectic at E - austenite and cementite. Solid solution D to F - primary dendrites of austenite form. Eutectic point at P - formation of pearlite.
The ferrite solubility line, A3P, denotes the commencement of precipitation of ferrite from austenite. The cementite solubility line, FP, indicates the primary deposition of cementite from austenite. The pearlite line, A1PG, indicates the formation of the eutectic at a constant temperature. Let us consider the freezing of alloys of various carbon contents.
0,3% carbon
Dendrites of d-iron form, the composition of which is represented eventually by C (0,07 %), and the liquid, enriched in carbon, by B. The solid crystals then react with the liquid to form austenite of composition D. Diffusion of carbon occurs as the solid alloy cools to line A3P. Here a-ferrite commences to be ejected from the austenite, consequently the remaining solid solution is enriched in carbon, until point P is reached at which cementite can be also precipitated.
The alternate formation of ferrite and cementite at 695°C gives rise to pearlite. The structure finally consists of masses of pearlite embedded in the ferrite.
0,6% carbon
When line BE is reached dendrites of austenite form, and finally the alloy completely freezes as a cored solid solution, which, on cooling through the critical range (750-695°C), decomposes into ferrite and pearlite.
1,4% carbon
Again, the alloy solidifies as a cored solid solution, but on reaching line FP, cementite starts to be ejected and the residual alloy becomes increasingly poorer in carbon until point P is reached, when both cementite and ferrite form in juxtaposition. The structure now consists of free cementite and pearlite.
The essential difference between ordinary steel and pure iron is the amount of carbon in the former, which reduces the ductility but increases the strength and the susceptibility to hardening when rapidly cooled from elevated temperatures. On account of the various micro-structures which may be obtained by different heat-treatments, it is necessary to emphasise the fact that the following structures are for "normal" steels, i.e. slowly cooled from 760-900°C depending on the carbon contents.
The appearance of pure iron is illustrated in Fig. 1. It is only pure in the sense that it contains no carbon, but contains very small quantities of impurities such as phosphorus, silicon, manganese, oxygen, nitrogen, dissolved in the solid metal. In other words, the structure is typical of pure metals and solid solutions in the annealed condition. It is built up of a number of crystals of the same composition, given the name ferrite in metallography (Brinell hardness 80).
The addition of carbon to the pure iron results in a considerable difference in the structure (Fig. 2), which now consists of two constituents, the white one being the ferrite, and the dark parts representing the constituent containing the carbon, the amount of which is therefore an index of the quantity of carbon in the steel. Carbon is present as a compound of iron and carbon (6-67 %) called cementite, having the chemical formula Fe3 C. This cementite is hard (Brinell hardness 600 +), brittle and brilliantly white.
On examination the dark parts will be seen to consist of two components occurring as wavy or parallel plates alternately dark and light (Fig. 3). These two phases are ferrite and cementite which form a eutectic mixture, containing 0,87% carbon and known as pearlite. The appearance of this pearlite depends largely upon the objective employed in the examination and also on the rate of cooling from the elevated temperature.
Allotropy of iron
Certain substances can exist in two or more crystalline forms; for example charcoal, graphite and diamonds are allotropic modifications of carbon. Allotropy is characterized by a change in atomic structure which occurs at a definite transformation temperature.
Four changes occur in iron, which give rise to forms known as alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Of these, a, b and d forms have the same atomic structure (body centred cubic) while g -iron has a face centred cubic structure. Iron can, therefore, be considered to have two allotropic modifications.
The A2 change at 769°C, at which the a-iron loses its magnetism, can be ignored from a heat-treatment point of view. These changes in structure are accompanied by thermal changes, together with discontinuities in other physical properties such as electrical, thermo-electric potential, magnetic, expansion and tenacity. The A3 change from a b.c.c. to an f.c.c. atomic structure at 937°C is accompanied by a marked contraction while the reverse occurs at 1400°C. These changes in structure are accompanied by recrystallisation, followed by grain growth.
Critical points
The addition of carbon to iron, however, produces another change at 695°C, known as A1 and associated with the formation of pearlite. These structural changes, which occur during cooling, give rise to evolutions of heat, which cause arrests on a cooling curve. The temperatures of these arrests are known as critical points or "A" points. These arrests occur at slightly higher temperatures on heating, as compared with cooling, and this lag effect, increased by rapid cooling, is known as thermal hysteresis.
To differentiate between the arrests obtained during heating and cooling, the letters c and r respectively are added to the symbol A (from chauffage and refroidissement). In a steel containing about 0,8-0,9% carbon the evolution of the heat at Ar1 is sufficient to cause the material to become visibly hotter and the phenomenon is called "recalescence".
Iron-cementite equilibrium diagram
The addition of carbon to iron not only gives rise to the A1 point but also influences the critical points in pure iron. The A4 point is raised; and the A3 point lowered until it coincides with A1. The a, b and d modifications, which may be called ferrite, have only slight solubility for carbon, but up to 1,7% of carbon dissolves in y-iron to form a solid solution called Austenite. These effects are summarised in the iron-Fe3 C equilibrium diagram (Fig. 4), which is of much importance in the study of steels.
The iron-iron carbide system is not in true equilibrium, the stable system is iron-graphite, but special conditions are necessary to nucleate graphite. Will be seen that the complicated Fe-Fe3C diagram can be divided into several simple diagrams:
Peritectic transformation CDB - d-iron transforms to austenite. Eutectic at E - austenite and cementite. Solid solution D to F - primary dendrites of austenite form. Eutectic point at P - formation of pearlite.
The ferrite solubility line, A3P, denotes the commencement of precipitation of ferrite from austenite. The cementite solubility line, FP, indicates the primary deposition of cementite from austenite. The pearlite line, A1PG, indicates the formation of the eutectic at a constant temperature. Let us consider the freezing of alloys of various carbon contents.
0,3% carbon
Dendrites of d-iron form, the composition of which is represented eventually by C (0,07 %), and the liquid, enriched in carbon, by B. The solid crystals then react with the liquid to form austenite of composition D. Diffusion of carbon occurs as the solid alloy cools to line A3P. Here a-ferrite commences to be ejected from the austenite, consequently the remaining solid solution is enriched in carbon, until point P is reached at which cementite can be also precipitated.
The alternate formation of ferrite and cementite at 695°C gives rise to pearlite. The structure finally consists of masses of pearlite embedded in the ferrite.
0,6% carbon
When line BE is reached dendrites of austenite form, and finally the alloy completely freezes as a cored solid solution, which, on cooling through the critical range (750-695°C), decomposes into ferrite and pearlite.
1,4% carbon
Again, the alloy solidifies as a cored solid solution, but on reaching line FP, cementite starts to be ejected and the residual alloy becomes increasingly poorer in carbon until point P is reached, when both cementite and ferrite form in juxtaposition. The structure now consists of free cementite and pearlite.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)